The IPPC is a contract to prevent the introduction and spread of organisms harmful to plants and plant products and currently has 177 government beneficiaries. The IPPC has developed phytosanitary guidelines and serves as both a reporting point and a source of information. Under the aegis of the IPPC, seven regional phytosanitary organizations have been established. The North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO), for example, includes the United States, Canada and Mexico, which participate through APHIS, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) and the Plant Health Directorate, respectively. The Plant Protection Organisation for Europe and the Mediterranean (EPPO) is an intergovernmental organisation, also within the framework of the IPPC, which is responsible for plant protection cooperation between 50 countries in the European and Mediterranean regions. When Article 5 was drafted in the late 1940s, there was a consensus on the principle of mutual assistance, but fundamental disagreements on how to implement this obligation. The European participants wanted to ensure that the United States automatically came to their aid in the event of an attack by one of the signatories; the United States did not want such a commitment and succeeded in having it reflected in the wording of Article 5. These three countries quickly formed the Axis, an offensive alliance that fought for world domination during World War II with a defensive alliance led by Britain, France, China and, from 1941, the Soviet Union and the United States. With the defeat of the Axis powers in 1945, the victorious Allies founded the United Nations (UN), a global organization committed to the principles of collective security and international cooperation.

However, the UN coexisted rather ineffectively with the robust military alliances that the United States and the Soviet Union formed after the war along sharp ideological lines. In 1949, the United States and Canada merged with Britain and other Western European countries to form the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and in 1955, the Soviet Union and its Central and Eastern European satellites formed the Warsaw Pact after West Germany joined NATO. The Cold War rivalry between these two alliances, which included other treaty organizations founded by the United States (e.B the Southeast Asian Treaty Organization, the Central Treaty Organization, and the ANZUS Pact), ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact in 1991. In the end, the European allies imposed difficult peace terms on Germany and forced the nation to give up about 10 percent of its territory and all its overseas possessions. Other important provisions of the Treaty of Versailles called for the demilitarization and occupation of the Rhineland, restricted the German army and navy, prohibited it from maintaining an air force, and forced it to conduct war crimes trials against Emperor Wilhelm II and other leaders for their aggression. More importantly, Article 231 of the treaty, better known as the “war guilt clause,” forced Germany to take full responsibility for the outbreak of World War I and pay huge reparations for Allied war losses. The German government, concerned about this agreement, decided to test its borders and sent Emperor Wilhelm II to Morocco in March 1905 to declare its support for the sultan – a clear challenge to France`s influence in that country, which had been sanctioned by the Entente Cordiale. This attempt to shake up the Anglo-French alliance failed, with Britain siding with France; an international conference held the following year in Algeciras, Spain, also recognized France`s claims in the region. 4. All countries should reduce arms in the name of public safety. NATO has a network of committees that deal with all issues on the agenda, from political to more technical issues. They regularly bring together national representatives and experts from all NATO member states.

NATO is an alliance of countries from Europe and North America. It provides a unique link between these two continents, enabling them to consult and cooperate in the field of defence and security and to jointly conduct multinational crisis management operations. A motivating factor behind the agreement was undoubtedly France`s desire to protect itself from possible aggression by its old rival Germany, which had gradually strengthened in the years following its victory in the German-French War of 1870-71 and now had the most powerful army in the world. Britain also sought to keep Germany under control, especially in the face of a revised and ambitious German naval program that, if successful, threatened to challenge Britain`s clear dominance at sea. Every day, member countries consult and decide on security issues at all levels and in various fields. .